He asked Latin American intellectuals to search for their "intellectual emancipation" by abandoning all French ideas, claiming that France was: "Hypocrite, because she [France] calls herself protector of the Latin race just to subject it to her exploitation regime; treacherous, because she speaks of freedom and nationality, when, unable to conquer freedom for herself, she enslaves others instead! The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over the expanding role of the free market, constraints upon the state, and US influence on other countries' national sovereignty. Latin America and the Caribbean experienced more than 2.5 million murders between 2000 and 2017. [257], About ports, Brazil has some of the busiest ports in South America, such as Port of Santos, Port of Rio de Janeiro, Port of Paranaguá, Port of Itajaí, Port of Rio Grande and Suape Port. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 GW for 20 generating units of 700 MW each. In his famous 1963 book The Rise of the West, William Hardy McNeill wrote that: Racially mixed societies arose in most of Spanish and Portuguese America, compounded in varying proportions from European, Indian, and Negro strands. American press voices cited in Blassingame (1969), p. 29. Many nations such as those in Asia have joined others on a rapid economic growth path, but Latin America has grown at slower pace and its share of world output declined from 9.5% in 1980 to 7.8% in 2008.[199]. In exchange, free labor became available through volunteers, though the Mita was kept in place as workers like miners, for example, were paid low wages. Lateinamerika ist ein Großraum, der Süd- und Mittelamerika mit einschließt, von Chile und Argentinien im Süden, bis Mexiko im Norden. However, Rivas's presidency ended when he fled Nicaragua; Walker rigged the following election to ensure that he became the next president. [115] In June 1988, SADF armor and artillery engaged FAPLA-Cuban forces at Techipa, killing 290 Angolans and 10 Cubans. Zimmermann sent the telegram in anticipation of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany on February 1, an act which Germany presumed would lead to war. Begun late, the industrialization of these countries received a great boost from World War II: this prevented the countries at war from buying the products they were used to importing and exporting what they produced. The two world wars and U.S. Depression also made Latin American countries favor internal economic development, leading Latin America to adopt the policy of import substitution industrialization. Between 1832 and 1852, the country existed as a confederation, without a head of state, although the federalist governor of Buenos Aires province, Juan Manuel de Rosas, was given the powers of debt payment and international relations and exerted a growing hegemony over the country. [190] In 2018 an estimated 2.2 million people had HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean, making the HIV prevalence rate approximately 0.4% in Latin America. Eckardt was instructed to urge Mexico to help broker an alliance between Germany and Japan. Antonio Leocadio Guzman was an active participant and journalist in this movement and gained much popularity among the people of Caracas. "[7] The following year the Colombian writer José María Torres Caicedo also used the term in his poem "The Two Americas". The region boasts six Nobel Prize winners: in addition to the two Chilean poets Gabriela Mistral (1945) and Pablo Neruda (1971), there is also the Guatemalan novelist Miguel Angel Asturias (1967), the Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez (1982), the Mexican poet and essayist Octavio Paz (1990), and the Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa (2010). Portuguese is spoken only in Brazil (Brazilian Portuguese), the biggest and most populous country in the region. The term is also more recent in origin. More recently, films such as Amores Perros (2000) and Y tu mamá también (2001) enjoyed box office and critical acclaim and propelled Alfonso Cuarón and Alejandro González Iñárritu to the front rank of Hollywood directors. Woodville. Profiles by Country or Area, "Ten percent of Venezuelans are taking steps for emigrating", https://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/md_pdf/emigrant-policies-LatinAmerica-and-theCaribbean.pdf%7Caccessdate=May, "Latin America Is the Murder Capital of the World", "A Year of Violence Sees Brazil's Murder Rate Hit Record High", "Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)", "Map: Here are countries with the world's highest murder rates", "Crime Hinders Development, Democracy in Latin America, U.S. Says – US Department of State", "Understanding the uneven distribution of the incidence of homicide in Latin America", "The Politics of Abortion in Latin America", "Abortion Rights in Latin America: A Tale of Varying Woes", https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41005517, "HIV and AIDS in Latin America the Caribbean regional overview", "The Changing Face of HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean", "Miles to go—closing gaps, breaking barriers, righting injustices", "HIV prevention among transgender women in Latin America: implementation, gaps and challenges", "GDP 2019, some Latin American countries", "On the Human Capital of Inca Indios before and after the Spanish Conquest. This would become known as the Gadsden Purchase. It played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France, transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area, and install Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor of the Second Mexican Empire. Latin America has also produced world-class classical performers such as the Chilean pianist Claudio Arrau, Brazilian pianist Nelson Freire and the Argentine pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim. Auch europaweit ist es in diesem Bereich führend. While several villages managed to resist the Mita, others offered payment to colonial administrators as a way out. Die Teilnehmer werden in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt und singen das Posada-Lied, in dem die eine Gruppe um Herberge bittet und die andere antwortet. Nebst dem haben die Einheimischen auch viel von der Kultur und Lebensweise der Spanier und Portugiesen übernommen. [78], World War II helped spark an era of rapid industrialization known as the Mexican Miracle. About 10 million Mexicans live in the United States. Simón Bolívar became president of Gran Colombia in 1819 after the region gained independence from Spain. In. A Marxist, Salvador Allende, became president of Chile in 1970, but was overthrown three years later in a military coup backed by the United States. Latin America[a] is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, and French are predominantly spoken. Both authors also ask for the union of all Latin American countries as the only way to defend their territories against further foreign U.S. interventions. However, it was not a secret that Vargas had an admiration for Hitler's Nazi Germany and its Führer. Mai 2019 „BERLIN (dpa) - Maas will die Zusammenarbeit mit Lateinamerika nicht China und den USA überlassen.“ Der Farang (Thailand), 29. Instead, the reform failed because of the simplistic theory that guided it and the lack of experienced American experts who could understand Latin American customs.[106]. The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Some 3,000 Latin Americans were killed between 1914 and 1933. erworben werden kann. This alliance with Germany became Brazil's second best trade alliance behind the United States. [citation needed] The presidencies of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, Ricardo Lagos and Michelle Bachelet in Chile, Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil, Néstor Kirchner and his wife Cristina Fernández in Argentina, Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, Fernando Lugo in Paraguay, Manuel Zelaya in Honduras (removed from power by a coup d'état), Mauricio Funes and Salvador Sánchez Cerén in El Salvador are all part of this wave of left-wing politicians who often declare themselves socialists, Latin Americanists, or anti-imperialists (often implying opposition to US policies towards the region). [118] Feeling excluded from these new projects, the lower classes took ownership of their own democracy through a revitalization of social movements in Latin America. The specific composition varies from country to country: some have a predominance of European-Amerindian or more commonly referred to as Mestizo or Castizo depending on the admixture, population; in others, Amerindians are a majority; some are dominated by inhabitants of European ancestry; and some countries' populations are primarily Mulatto. Ein weiteres Problem in Lateinamerika ist die Kriminalität. It also has important productions of copper and zinc and produces a significant amount of gold. Die weibliche Form ist Latina. So brachten sie nicht nur ihre Sprachen in die „Neue Welt“, sondern auch das Christentum. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations and mines until indigenous slavery was outlawed with the New Laws of 1542. [261] The Argentine rail network, with 47,000 km of tracks, was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. In the rest of Latin American countries, mainly in Central America, the processing industries of primary products for export predominate. thesis, 2014), appendix 3. Cubans, with the aid of Dominicans,[68] launched a war for independence in 1868 and, over the next 30 years, suffered 279,000 losses[69] in a brutal war against Spain that culminated in U.S. intervention. [160] It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live abroad, mainly in Argentina, the United States, Canada, Australia and Sweden. In the Spanish and Portuguese empires, racial mixing or miscegenation was the norm and something that the Spanish and Portuguese had grown rather accustomed to during the hundreds of years of contact with Arabs and North Africans in the Iberian peninsula. They were a part of sugar and coffee production, farming (beans, rice, corn, fruit, etc. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation. Pineapple in Veracruz, Mexico. The Great Depression caused Latin America to grow at a slow rate, separating it from leading industrial democracies. He cooperated with the United States as it moved closer to war against the Axis. [56] Eventually, enhanced trade among Britain and Latin America led to state development such as infrastructure improvements. [188] Considerably damaging to groups in Latin America was Ronald Reagan's 1984 Global Gag Rule which prohibited international organizations receiving US federal funds from performing or promoting abortion as a method of family planning. On May 1, 1857, Walker was forced by a coalition of Central American armies to surrender himself to a United States Navy officer who repatriated him and his followers. [88] Rumors of pro-Nazi Dominicans supplying German U-boats with food, water and fuel abounded during the war. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Thomas C. Wright, meanwhile, has written that: The demographic makeup of colonial Latin America became more complex when, as the native population declined, the Portuguese, Spanish, and the French in Haiti turned to Africa for labor, as did the British in North America. On December 8, 1861, Spain, England and France landed in Veracruz to seize unpaid debts from Mexico. Historia contemporánea de América Latina (2. The Alliance would provide $20 billion for reform in Latin America, and counterinsurgency measures. Trujillo also unsuccessfully attempted to establish contacts and relations with the Soviet Bloc. Die größte Metropole in Lateinamerika ist … Currently: In Central America, the following stand out: Mexico is the world's largest producer of avocado, one of the world's top 5 producers of chili, lemon, orange, mango, papaya, strawberry, grapefruit, pumpkin and asparagus, and one of the world's 10 largest producers of sugar cane, maize, sorghum, bean, tomato, coconut, pineapple, melon and blueberry. Zugänglich ist das kino 3 mit einer Filmhaus-Freundschaftskarte, die für 25 € (gültig für ein Jahr!) The victory came to symbolize Mexico's power and national resolve against foreign occupancy and as a result delayed France's later attack on Mexico City for an entire year (Cinco de Mayo (Mexican History)). The era of Somoza family rule was characterized by strong U.S. support for the government and its military as well as a heavy reliance on U.S.-based multi-national corporations. Haitian independence inspired independence movements in Spanish America. The Falklands War left 649 Argentines (including 143 conscripted privates) dead and 1,188 wounded, while the UK lost 255 (88 Royal Navy, 27 Royal Marines, 16 Royal Fleet Auxiliary, 123 British Army, and 1 Royal Air Force) dead. [259] Considering all of Latin America, the 10 busiest airports in 2017 were: Mexico City (Mexico), São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), Cancún (Mexico), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago ( Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasilia (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Tocumen (Panama). The crisis' end left Cuba blockaded by the US, which was also obligated to not invade Cuba. [181] There were a total of 63,880 murders in Brazil in 2018. Their experiences bear similarities to those of Japanese Peruvian immigrants, who are often relegated to low income jobs typically occupied by foreigners. Francisco Pizarro eliminated the Incan rule in Peru. If defined as all of the Americas south of the United States, the basic geographical subregions are North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America;[36] the latter contains further politico-geographical subdivisions such as the Southern Cone, the Guianas and the Andean states. Portuguese control over Brazilian ports continued after Brazil's independence. Amerindian languages are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay and Mexico, and to a lesser degree, in Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Chile amongst other countries. [161] An estimated 700,000 Bolivians were living in Argentina as of 2006 and another 33,000 in the United States. Bureaucratic authoritarianism was practised in Brazil after 1964, in Argentina, and in Chile under Augusto Pinochet, in a response to harsh economic conditions. In Lateinamerika leben drei Hauptgruppen von Menschen: Ureinwohner (sogenannte indigene Völker), Europäer und Afrikaner. This thrust appeared to be successful. [296], Places such as Cancún, Riviera Maya, Galápagos Islands, Punta Cana, Chichen Itza, Cartagena de Indias, Cabo San Lucas, Mexico City, Machu Picchu, Margarita Island, Acapulco, San Ignacio Miní, Santo Domingo, Buenos Aires, Salar de Uyuni, Rio de Janeiro, Punta del Este, Labadee, San Juan, São Paulo, La Habana, Panama City, Iguazú Falls, Puerto Vallarta, Poás Volcano National Park, Viña del Mar, Guanajuato City, Bogotá, Santa Marta, San Andrés, San Miguel de Allende, Lima, Guadalajara, Cuzco, Ponce and Perito Moreno Glacier are popular among international visitors in the region. Later on Francisco de Miranda in Venezuela by 1812. The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top six tourism earners for the year 2017: Mexico, with US$21,333 million; the Dominican Republic, with US$7,178 million; Brazil, with US$6,024 million; Colombia, with US$4,773 million; Argentina, with US$4,687 million; and Panama, with US$4,258 million. Nahuatl is one of the 62 native languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico, which are officially recognized by the government as "national languages" along with Spanish. [120], The 2000s commodities boom caused positive effects for many Latin American economies. Der Brasilianische Real z.B. "China's double-edged trade with Latin America." A development of this has been the creation of the eight-member ALBA alliance, or "The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America" (Spanish: Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América) by some of the countries already mentioned. The Movement of Rural Landless Workers (MST) is perhaps the largest contemporary Latin American social movement. Portico of the Democrata men's shoe factory, in Franca. Samba, North American jazz, European classical music and choro combined to form bossa nova in Brazil, popularized by guitarist João Gilberto with singer Astrud Gilberto and pianist Antonio Carlos Jobim. Although a majority of countries within the region are officially secular, the church continues to have an extensive influence within the region due to Latin America being the largest Catholic region in the world. Six Cuban merchant ships were sunk by U-boats, taking the lives of around eighty sailors. This treaty gave Spain all areas to the west, and Portugal all areas to the east (the Portuguese lands in South America subsequently becoming Brazil). [95] Some Latin American governments also complained of the US support in the overthrow of some nationalist governments, and intervention through the CIA. [8], Including French-speaking territories, Latin America would consist of 20 countries and 14 dependent territories that cover an area that stretches from Mexico to Tierra del Fuego and includes much of the Caribbean. When liberal Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of Mexico in 1824, conservatists relied on their belief that the state had been better off before the new government came into power, so, by comparison, the old government was better in the eyes of the Conservatives. These conflicts were each concentrated in particular regions, with conservatives particularly in the southern mountains and the Valley of Cauca. Web. He reached out to Germany, Italy, France, and the United States to act as trade allies. However, what really put Latin American literature on the global map was no doubt the literary boom of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguished by daring and experimental novels (such as Julio Cortázar's Rayuela (1963)) that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English. Guaraní, along with Spanish, is an official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population (who are, for the most part, bilingual), and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes. Latin American film flourished after sound was introduced in cinema, which added a linguistic barrier to the export of Hollywood film south of the border.[310]. The port city of Veracruz, Mexico and France's desire to construct a new canal were of particular interest. Brazil is the fourth largest shoe manufacturer in the world. Das Wichtigste einfach erklärt, mit Definition, vielen Bildern und Karten in über 3000 Artikeln.Grundwissen kindgerecht, alles leicht verständlich und gut … [19], Now under the administration of the United States, by the late 1850s, the term was being used in local California newspapers such as El Clamor Público by Californios writing about América latina and latinoamérica, and identifying as latinos as the abbreviated term for their "hemispheric membership in la raza latina". Liberalists wanted to see a change in the ruling systems, and to move away from monarchs and social classes to promote equality. The South Region owns the Itaipu Dam, which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of Three Gorges Dam in China. Eine Posada ist die Darstellung der Suche von Josef und Maria nach einer Herberge für die Geburt Jesu. Latin American countries generally sided with the US in the Cold War period, even though they were neglected since the US's concern with communism were focused in Europe and Asia, not Latin America. Mexican cinema started out in the silent era from 1896 to 1929 and flourished in the Golden Era of the 1940s. The three most important highways in the country are Route 9, Route 7 and Route 14. [282] Inequality in Latin America has deep historical roots in the Latin European racially based Casta system[283][284][285][286][287][288][289] instituted in Latin America in colonial times that have been difficult to eradicate since the differences between initial endowments and opportunities among social groups have constrained the poorest's social mobility, thus making poverty to be transmitted from generation to generation, becoming a vicious cycle. Colombia has important ports such as Buenaventura, Cartagena Container Terminal and Puerto Bolivar. The attack killed 13 of 35 crewmen. mestizos (sic) form the majority of the population in Mexico, Central America, and much of South America. Before Hispanics became such a 'noticeable' group in the U.S., the distinction between black and white was the major racial division and according to the one-drop rule adhered to by the culture at large, one drop of African ancestry usually meant that the person was Black. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Mehr dazu hier: A week later, two yachts offloaded 186 invaders onto Chris-Craft launches for a landing on the north coast. So auch beispielsweise Suriname, das früher eine Kolonie der Niederlande war. It's basically used for transporting ores. Another trend is the rapidly increasing importance of the relations with China.[121]. Close friend of both, Guillermo del Toro, a top rank Hollywood director in Hollywood and Spain, directed Pan's Labyrinth (2006) and produced El Orfanato (2007). Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas", "Population of Latin America and the Caribbean (2020) – Worldometer", "World Economic Outlook Database October 2019", "The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy, and Race", Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, "Country Directory. [316], The following is a list of the ten countries with the most World Heritage Sites in Latin America. Später kamen auch viele Sklaven aus Afrika in die Kolonien. Due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. [111] In November 1975, Cuba poured more than 65,000 troops into Angola in one of the fastest military mobilizations in history. The major trade blocs (or agreements) in the region are the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur. The most important highway in the country is the Route 5 (Pan-American Highway)[253] These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways, in South America. Due to economic, social and security developments that are affecting the region in recent decades, the focus is now the change from net immigration to net emigration. A report released in 2013 by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs entitled Inequality Matters. Latin America is the region with the highest levels of income inequality in the world. The traditions of his homeland heavily influenced his classical works. But it is not easy to declare something dead when it can hardly be said to have existed," going on to say, "The term is here to stay, and it is important. Today same-sex marriage is legal in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Uruguay, and French overseas departments, as well as in several states of Mexico. Früher gab es in Lateinamerika viele Hochkulturen wie die Maya, Azteken oder Inkas. In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as Juan Rulfo, Alejo Carpentier, and above all Jorge Luis Borges were also rediscovered.